{"id":27281,"date":"2021-07-05T12:56:43","date_gmt":"2021-07-05T11:56:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tounesaf.org\/?p=27281"},"modified":"2021-07-05T14:50:07","modified_gmt":"2021-07-05T13:50:07","slug":"%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d9%87%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%ac%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%b7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tounesaf.org\/?p=27281","title":{"rendered":"\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0637"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0642\u0635\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 01 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1996\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647 (\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a) \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0651\u062c\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627 (1998-2006).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0647\u0630\u0627 ‘\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0646” \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u0646.<\/p>\n

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“\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631” \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062c\u0639\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 (\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u064a (\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a).<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0639\u064a\u0637<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u062c\u0639\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0648\u062a. \u062c\u0639\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u062d \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a 2008 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2018 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0639\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0634\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a 2020 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 2018 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 (2004) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 (2021).<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0651 \u062c\u0639\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645 …\u0623\u0631\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 …\u0633\u0646\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644…\u0648\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Kchir (Khaled) \u00ab Djait et la fondation d\u2019une \u00e9cole historique sur l\u2019Islam des perliers temps\u00a0\u00bb, Hand<\/em>b<\/em>ook of medieval studies<\/em>, Brill, 2021.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\n
\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u060c \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 2021\u060c \u0635. \u0635. 3-6.<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
https:\/\/tiny.cc\/hourouf5<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 03 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 2021 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0638\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u00a0 \u0641\u064a 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